Properties

Surface     Ice cores     Contaminants

 
The physical properties of the snow and ice strongly influence the optical properties and the thermodynamic evolution of the ice cover. This influence motivated a study of the physical properties of the snow and ice. Because of its large impact on albedo, particular attention was paid to the physical properties of the surface scattering layer of the ice and, later in the cruise, the snow cover. Melt ponds are another key surface feature. Ice cores were removed to examine the vertical structure of the ice including density, salinity, and crystallography. Samples were taken of the snow, surface scattering layer, and upper portion of the ice to investigate contaminant levels of soot and sediment.
 

Photos of surface scattering layer characterization, ice coring, and snow description and sampling.